Education has a significant %PDF-1.4 % (For context, Iowa has just over three million people.) 0000033263 00000 n Over time, it had both clashed and cooperated with both military and civilian governments. With 189 member countries, staff from more than 170 countries, and offices in over 130 locations, the World Bank Group is a unique global partnership: five institutions working for sustainable solutions that reduce poverty and build shared prosperity in developing countries. These simmering conflicts can always increase in intensity if underlying political conflicts endure. ;`w#O*>Brq` pdtw:E7[mEb"0pf"AEA57A{)c Politics in South Asia. Finally, the paper anticipates a call for the collective colloquium of south Asian social movements. Produced by Johns Hopkins University Press in collaboration with The Sheridan Libraries. 1. In the Global South there is a huge research gap in linking the social movements and power dynamics within the societies. Survey data from the report suggests that in late 2021 and early 2022, migration flows are associated with movement from areas hit hard by the pandemic to those that were not, thus helping equilibrate demand and supply of labor in the aftermath of the COVID-19 shock. While the growing dominance of state power may become a new, enduring status quo, analysts should pay careful attention to potential triggers of new or renewed revolt. This was an unambiguously ideological policy by the Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) government, cloaked in claims about development and political renewal that have yet to come to fruition. 0000001688 00000 n endstream endobj 80 0 obj <>stream =rJub^#ivFackYh}QY?M HTM0Wj|4,t5LG$};LV$!u~Izke@F(/_z2f:TD&P^GJ,&A)Q)mrv8VVQEb 0000003220 00000 n A 16 year old boy prepares to marry a young girl in Indore, India, on May 15, 2002, despite a government ban on under-age nuptials. WebGet Access SOJOURN: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia is an interdisciplinary journal devoted to the study of social and cultural issues in Southeast Asia. 2023 Project MUSE. New forms of state and non-state coercion have become more politically prominent, especially localized mob and vigilante violence, which are often linked to, rather than aimed at, the state and ruling parties. Figure 4 draws on three datasets on political violence in Pakistan over time.4 While they examine somewhat different definitions of violence, and all of the crucial caveats about data quality outlined above for India hold for Pakistan as well, the basic trend of sharply decreasing fatalities in political violence over the last decade is consistent across them. ~o hc}0`SctnEKjkf|;5SLg0]{7{rRr^"z1asq1vp[WDG5)2?,=Ma;M),n^\e}H V Central Asian Society Drifts From Soviet Past, National Cultures Put on Display at Central Asian World Nomad Games, Central Asian Migration to Russia Brings Money, Social Problems. /xL\z5CBDDiUy YkxS,A)('OR @$#S@cvs / *%C!% 0000001364 00000 n Although reports of some degree of sanctuary in China and possible tacit support for rebels have grown in recent years, there has not been a return to the levels of the past. Among all immigrants, those from South Asia (71%) were the most likely to have a bachelors degree or more. But how long does this pride last? This campaign did not follow classical counterinsurgency best practices; instead, the Pakistani militarys suppression of the TTP saw high levels of state violence, refugee displacement, disappearances, and expansive surveillance. Moreover, shifts in civilian power and civil-military coalitions are likely to occur in the future, with unpredictable results. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7c066082ba9642ea -- Volume 33, Number 1, March 2018, Editorial Board India and Pakistan account for 86 percent of the regions total population and, along with Bangladesh, rank among the worlds ten largest countries by population. The forces pursued a grim counterinsurgency policy: extrajudicial killings, disappearances, and a heavy security footprint coupled with surveillance and monitoring. South Asia is one of the poorest regions in the world: about one-third of the worlds poor live in this region with about 70 per cent living in rural areas and primarily Kazakhstan used the inaugural games to showcase its national heritage and historic connection to the land just one week after Russian President Vladimir Putin insinuated that the former Soviet Republic should never have become an independent country. Unlike other regions of the world, many of South Asias most powerful leaders have been and are women; however, a majority of these women come from political dynasties. 0 All of the active conflict zones remain potential areas of resurgence (for instance, the TTP has been trying to re-consolidate), but, compared to a decade ago, Pakistans security establishment has achieved a major shift in the balance of forces. It is based on conversations that took place at the Our Future is Public conferencein Santiago, Chile, in 2022, and is part of the movements critical response to- and reflections on the UN 2023 WaterConference. When it comes to dating, cultural expectations of South Asian families can conflict with western norms. First, violence suppression is not the same as conflict resolution. Three states have populations of over one hundred million people. Click to reveal Nawal Mustafa does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment. 0000007388 00000 n wL/O0jG&rR>w y]YO_W! ;Kw6A?KFkdfA&A67iug!~W\?mnbydk1KS1YQzsL0]|m But there are downsides too. There are various currents of social movements, today, across the region, which have become strengthened and highly vocal over last three decades. In a number of cases, a self-sustaining, pro-state political order remains distant, and the security apparatus is instead needed to deter or contain resistance. I also started @Braincoach, an Instagram stream to share my science-based knowledge. These gender inequalities continue into adulthood. -- Volume 32, Number 3, November 2017, Editorial Board Riots between Hindu and Muslim groups in India killed over a thousand people in 2002. endstream endobj 64 0 obj <> endobj 65 0 obj <> endobj 66 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 67 0 obj <> endobj 68 0 obj <> endobj 69 0 obj <> endobj 70 0 obj <> endobj 71 0 obj [/ICCBased 84 0 R] endobj 72 0 obj <> endobj 73 0 obj <>stream Afghanistan is not producing national accounts statistics since August 2021, so they are excluded from the table. In India, protests against a brutal gang rape in Delhi in 2012 rocked the country and launched a movement centered on womens rights, resulting in new laws to prosecute perpetrators of sexual violence. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, Editorial Board LA3\LWy6"8HWKdobDC yg1FhnuykT-@|WZFkjYoHK @zAI'niDfJ2;[AT%@96dw7fLl9=gR\}Q9Gpa~>i U>U$nV>?7 j=8IPnnQklNSc j3~MvL4@LU!MK'e9>6C-62.P'_.ANEH=` wX2 In one Bollywood blockbuster, Two States, star-crossed lovers navigate their backgrounds from Punjab and Tamil Nadu, two Indian states from the north and farthest south of the country, with different languages and cultures. 0000003635 00000 n The three big issues facing East Asia | World Economic Forum In Sri Lanka, the Tamil Tigers reached their peak of power between 2002 and 2005. In some cases, it came through bargaining and political accommodation; in others, the raw application of extremely intense violence; in still others, a long and slow process of containment that has led to a relatively low level of violence even without a real resolution of conflict. The main reason is the general scarcity of two critical resources essential to the development and implementation of such policies: capital and technology. Suppressing violence is not necessarily the same as resolving conflict. 2715 North Charles StreetBaltimore, Maryland, USA 21218. 2 Both can be accessed at https://satp.org/. WebPeople and Society South Asia is densely populated and immensely diverse. The region is characterised by rapidly changing socioeconomic scenario, fast-increasing A weekly update of the most important issues driving the global agenda. It is seen that modernization, democratization, political ideologies and emergence of mass societies threatened the personal and collective identities and the advancement in information systems have sustained peoples struggles against the dominant world view of the State and elites. In less than a decade, for example, India is projected to overtake China as the worlds most populous country. Exports and the services sector in India, the regions largest economy, have recovered more strongly than the world average while its ample foreign reserves served as a buffer to external shocks. WebSouth Asia has some of the worst levels of human deprivation in the world. Asians are less likely than Americans overall to live in poverty (10% vs. 13% as of 2019). Labor mobility across and within countries enables economic development by allowing people to move to locations where they are more productive. )Ug}wz/vn_/7E|?|^P_PAy_ }D` ,Ut ?\xx~,~P$ 0elqglOAAp0E` > dmslu%eg0$GM[M'LF jM Released today, the latest South Asia Economic Focus, Coping with Shocks: Migration and the Road to Resilience, projects regional growth to average 5.8 percent Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan have three of the worlds four largest Muslim populations. The gap between promise and reality is widest in this region. In general, state coercive capacity across the region has increased, with escalating security force budgets and manpower facilitated by both formal laws and informal practices that give substantial leeway to the state. For example, the TTP is alleged to be regrouping in Afghanistan, Pakistan claims that India is supporting Baloch rebels, the Taliban operates out of Pakistan, India focuses on Pakistans long history of support for terrorist and militant groups, and Indian media signals concern about Chinese backing for insurgents in the Northeast. Anti-India armed groups are alleged to still operate on Pakistani soil, the Afghan Taliban has consistently used sanctuary along the Afghan border, and localized armed actors have worked with the state in counterinsurgency zones. Furthermore, there is little systematic data on nonfatal human rights violations, such as torture and sexual violence. The mass migration of workers to Russia has slowed the economic development of Central Asian countries, incentivizing generation after generation to leave the country; this trend creates a negative feedback loop. During monsoon season, Dhaka and Mumbais streets flood regularly due to clogged drains and the cities low elevation. In this context, the paper analyses the contestations of social movements in the South Asia from a view point of contentious politics in the region. Empirical and theoretical research articles are published with a view to promoting and disseminating scholarship in and on the region. There are several actions that could trigger this block including submitting a certain word or phrase, a SQL command or malformed data. In the Northeast, the 1990s saw a resurgence of violence by Naga insurgent factions in Nagaland and neighboring states, the expansion of multiple insurgencies in the state of Assam, and ongoing or new violence in the states of Manipur, Meghalaya, and Tripura. The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum. At the same time, violence in Karachi, insurgency in Balochistan, and sectarian militia activities added further layers of violence to Pakistans political landscape. The LTTE was finally defeated, at a huge civilian cost, in 2009. The movements have become contested power games around the issues of class, caste/ethnicity, gender, region and development. Nevertheless, the homeownership rate is on the rise among Asian Americans, increasing from 53% in 2000 to 59% in 2019. Kazakhstan's new Latin-based alphabet was disseminated in a newspaper in Almaty, Kazakhstan, on October 27, 2017. This systematic review and meta-analysis report the pooled prevalence of CMDs among the South Asian countries. The security establishment, which had a tumultuous relationship with the MQM for decades, launched a crackdown in 2013 that has badly degraded the party, opening space for electoral competitors and reducing electoral violence. 0(z5&owdB\ztmz}fCKm'4 /gpYu&1;O+aF(|i%X India eradicated polio in 2014 after a campaign that vaccinated millions of children. India's child malnutrition levels nearly double those of sub-Saharan Africa; one in ten Pakistani On average, people are living over twenty years longer compared to half a century ago. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. To estimate regional aggregates in the calendar year, fiscal year data is converted to calendar year data by taking the average of two consecutive fiscal years for Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, and Pakistan at 2015 constant US$, for which quarterly GDP data are not available. In operational term, the paper fleshes out the key analytical question as How have the social movements been subject to power and contestation in the south Asia?, State of Social Movements in South Asia: Critical Reflections and Implications, An annual anthology on global power and resistance. This means that many western-trained therapists may find it difficult to comprehend the deeply ingrained cultural nuances of South Asian communities. -- Volume 27, Number 1, April 2012, Editorial Board HS1WRtqmf"g/Ugh+3T*{q`U?o>)Tn0XL&)ZOrST=_7:[rchll^b. WebThe problems of the South Asian region are different from those in the developed world. Across India, fans have built temples in honor of their most beloved stars. The first decade of the twenty-first century saw areas of intense violence across the region. India has also improved cooperation with the military in Myanmar, aiming to limit cross-border movements. Regions of the World, Return to Previously, when all five Central Asian countriesKazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistanbelonged to the former Soviet Union, Moscow ensured that Russian language and literature were taught in schools and that Russian dominated all forms of media, despite these former Soviet republics each having their own native language. -- Volume 31, Number 1, March 2016, Editorial Board Social movements in southern Asia have been shaped by the social relations dominated by the elites of the south Asian societies who share some common features in 0000042912 00000 n Globally, research on social movements reveals relatively more insights from European and Latin American studies than that of the Global South, particularly from the south Asian countries. From 2002 to 2006, there was a ceasefire before brief, ill-fated negotiations that collapsed back into pitched warfare. -- Volume 30, Number 2, July 2015, Editorial Board In the face of these shocks, countries need to build stronger fiscal and monetary buffers, and reorient scarce resources towards strengthening resilience to protect their people.. Another Muslim-majority country, Bangladesh, has had two womenSheikh Hasina, daughter of the countrys first president, and her political opponent Khaleda Zia, wife of another presidentalternate in the prime ministership for most of the last three decades. Third, even noninsurgent violence has the potential to spiral into broader conflict. While there is a heavy security force presence in the region, there has also been space for long-running ceasefires and negotiations that reduce violence even when they do not fully resolve contested political issues. As in the mountainous peripheries where the state waged counterinsurgency against the TTP, due process and rule of law have been troubled in the Karachi operations. We provide a wide array of financial products and technical assistance, and we help countries share and apply innovative knowledge and solutions to the challenges they face. Various countries of the South Asian region suffer from intense forms of exclusion in social terms and gaps at the infrastructural level. The World Bank Group works in every major area of development. In this context, this essay explores whether and how there is contestation in the south Asian social movements. Such non-state violence is often not waged against the state or political system, but instead is used as a bloody tool of social control and political maneuvering. A map showing the major religion in each country of South Asia. Despite having a long historical background, critics suggest that the social movements are increasingly contested with identity politics and agrarian issues. The discussion has implications for developing treatment and The fact that much of the Islamist militancy Pakistan has faced in recent years in part arose from the security establishments own past policies has not reduced the militarys heralding of its successes against the TTP. All that can be credibly inferred is the overall trend, which decreases from the early 2000s to a lower steady state in the 2010s. SOJOURN is published thrice a year, in March, July and November. We face big challenges to help the worlds poorest people and ensure that everyone sees benefits from economic growth. -- Volume 30, Number 1, March 2015, Editorial Board Nature-Society relations provide the foundation for social, economic, political, and environmental problems. Database searches were conducted in eight electronic databases. Depending on where the state has perceived threats and where armed groups have been willing to work with it, there have been dramatically different landscapes of violence. Yet, in 2020, most of these conflicts are either finished or persist at much lower intensity. Indian films might be famous for their catchy and colorful musical numbers, but they also reflect Indias diversity. Following seven decades of Soviet rule, these newly independent countries are reasserting their distinct national identities through events such as the World Nomad Games, where traditional sports like horseback archery, golden eagle hunting, and high-speed yurt-building are on full display. In this context, the paper analyses the contestations of social movements in the South Asia from a view point of contentious politics in the region. But mental health is deeply stigmatized in many South Asian communities and symptoms are often trivialized. Rather, it is exposing in a single word the reason why overcoming systemic violence based on gender is so difficult. Here are some of the problems, and some things you personally can do This choice is ripped away from many children of South Asian immigrants who end up feeling stuck in careers they do not find meaningful, ultimately leading to a negative impact on their overall mental wellness and relationships. Poverty rates among U.S.-born and foreign-born Asians were 9% and 11%, respectively, that year. While it has not disappeared and still has the potential for a major resurgence, there has been a dramatic fall from its high point of influence. South Asia consists of a remarkably diverse religious landscape. -- Volume 29, Number 2, July 2014, Editorial Board Its constitution recognizes twenty-two languages, and its population is bigger than Africas. Political violence is instead much more likely to emerge from clashes between political parties or, above all, from the state itself as the security apparatus is used to buttress Sheikh Hasinas rule. How A silent mental health crisis exists among South Asian communities. 0000005234 00000 n While economic distress is weighing down all South Asian countries, some are coping better than others. 0000001283 00000 n .chakra .wef-facbof{display:inline;}@media screen and (min-width:56.5rem){.chakra .wef-facbof{display:block;}}You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. {BViLNL7E/eEDaXJ|xPKLDeg bCbxiI5~|6QSkQl2*>UWJ:+LW##9\IMNj~R LkX Its home to 1.3 billion people and has twenty-two official regional languages. This is not a simple story of state capacity, however: coercive power has been deployed in selective ways, including cases in which a state ignores or cooperates with non-state armed groups, from militias to vigilantes. There is not a clear partisan dynamic in these changes. The three main river systems in South Asia are the Indus, the Ganges (or Ganga), and the Brahmaputra. -- Volume 31, Number 3, November 2016, Editorial Board Many studies have shown that South Asian immigrants in Canada, the United States and the Washington, DC 20036-2103. The growing size and resources of internal security forces, consolidation of powerful regimes, and changed international environment may have made rebellion increasingly unsustainable, even when political grievances remain. xref The movements, thus, have become contested power games around the issues of class, caste/ethnicity, gender, region and development. Yet a peace process emerged that eventually led to the CPN-Ms demobilization and the Maoists incorporation into mainstream electoral politics. South Asians seeking psychological services often feel misunderstood by health-care providers and then get discouraged from getting further help. Nevertheless, a heavy footprint and intensive counterinsurgency have been par for the course in Kashmir for decades. 3 These data are drawn from MHA annual reports. This blend of repression and collusion has reduced direct anti-state violence. Karachis politics and political economy involved substantial lethal violence, as well as intimidation and threats. South Asian countries report the highest prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) globally. Like European countries, Indias states are drawn along ethnic and linguistic lines and have distinct cultures. Immigrants today account for 13.7% of the U.S. population, nearly triple the share (4.8%) in 1970. Some years are missing because specific data on sanctioned force size was not included in the annual reports for those years. Sign up to receive emails from Carnegies South Asia Program! This is a hugely important shift. -- Volume 34, Number 1, March 2019, Editorial Board Check your email for details on your request. -- Volume 22, Number 2, October 2007, Editorial Board 0000043115 00000 n India and the international community have put sustained pressure on Pakistan to reduce its support for militants and terrorists. First, there has been a sizable internal security buildup in India over the last two decades. You can unsubscribe at any time using the link in our emails. Finally, Bangladesh has become a de facto competitive authoritarian regime in which the ruling Awami League established a dominant position. -- Volume 28, Number 3, November 2013, Editorial Board -- Volume 37, Number 1, March 2022, Editorial Board The action you just performed triggered the security solution. During this time, the regions economies have also developed rapidly, lifting hundreds of millions of South Asians out of poverty and making it possible for them to live longer and healthier lives. Despite the history of female leadership in the region, many women in South Asia face significant challenges throughout their entire lives.