Before you begin, you may want to have some idea of the kinds of sounds that you want your child language to have. The Ling Space is an education project whose mission is to help make linguistics more accessible and fun, by making videos and blog posts and so on. (Note: this is beta code; report errors to me at markrose at zompist.com.) The episode are full of interesting and knowledgeable discussions which last around the hour. International Phonetic Alphabet reference, Weston Ruter's International Phonetic Alphabet chart, Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures, https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Guide:Conlanging_tools&oldid=217154, Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International. Z=bdg Some of the most common general processes are: Lenition, probably one of the most common sound changes, in which a "softer" sound becomes a "louder" sound. The Universals Archive is a searchable encyclopaedia with logical examples and occurrences of most linguistic features in the world, the universal ones and use statistics and correlation to determine the naturalistic contexts of the features. Mark Rosenfelder, 2012. Nonce categories can be defined either in the target (first part of the rule) or environment (last part), by enclosing the alternatives within brackets. Sound Changes can happen both unilaterally (in every possible location) or only in certain environments. Latin American Spanish has innovated cocinar Apply applies the sound changes to the input lexicon, generating the output lexicon. Why does Acts not mention the deaths of Peter and Paul? A variable can also be set to a fixed value, or deleted. or lexical rules to apply. You can do gemination on category substitution, like this: You can use a special wildcard to match anything. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. . I will add more features as people request them or as I get new ideas. that would handle the change from civitatem with /k/ to cidade with /s/. This is better if you have, say, a parent language with several daughters each with their own sound change file. of paradigmatic relationships of words and a capacity to analogize that are far beyond the reach of . To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. Here are the three SCA's shown in this video:SCA2: https://www.zompist.com/sca2.htmlTriSCA: https://trimill.github.io/sca/Lexurgy: https://www.lexurgy.com/s. Hope this helps a few people. Don't feel limited to delete all /e/ after a consonant. /ategutul/ goes from 'very gross' to 'inedible food'. Make sure the two variable definitions are the same length! E.g. it's there-- you probably have file extensions turned off, and what you think A cohesive toolset for naturalistic conlang creation. . will merge. This subreddit is focused on the discussion of conlangs, tools, and activities to aid you in the construction of your own conlang, and creating a community environment where we can all enjoy conlanging together, Scan this QR code to download the app now. F=ie Thanks for reading! This basic structure can be expanded for more tricky rules. Has the Melford Hall manuscript poem "Whoso terms love a fire" been attributed to any poetDonne, Roe, or other? To help with this, some conlangers have written computer programs called Sound change appliers that automate much of this work for you. A tag already exists with the provided branch name. I took these notes a few years ago from Lyle Campbell's Historical Linguistics 1st ed. @curiousdannii I'm simply asking people to inform me on correct notation of sound changes and common patterns in real examples. or the vocabulary in between runs. can assist in debugging rules, since it causes the output to show exactly what rules applied to each word. The program is available in three forms. V is any vowel, but v is /v/ in very. Sound changes are born every time we speak. So, The replacement string can be blank, as in. You signed in with another tab or window. For example, final-obstruent devoicing in e.g. help me create a nat conlang by forcing a group of people to communicate with out speaking English or any other natlang. it won't add .txt to your file name. As time progresses and a language is often used, sounds start to change; different phonemes are used. They can get confused by any change that needs to happen in particular syllables, such as syllable-based syncope, or any change where the environment spans . Jamie Norrish wrote: >Henrik Theiling writes: > >[Global and local boolean flags] > > In the way you can mark for dialects, my script allows . Phonology is the set of rules that apply given certain conditions. E.g. Now type cd plus the name of the directory Again, this is a feature very common in the French language. These are defined in the Categories box. The program will handle whatever you put into the .lex and .sc It is available in the form of a searchable archive, enabling its online users to retrieve universals in terms of any of the individual words or combinations of words that occur in their formulation or in their documentation. That means running the program in a command window. Mark Rosenfelder, 2018. This occurs when features of a given phoneme are influenced by the phonemes around it. For instance, if you voice intervocalic Actually, sound change appliers strike me as being very much a 'scratch own itch' type of project . foot/feet, and vowel harmony is prominent in e.g. You can regularise these sounds over time. This option is good for applying a permanent lexical transformation to a list of words. Is it possible to have consonant followed by Uvular sound. When a gnoll vampire assumes its hyena form, do its HP change? There are a lot of real world examples of these specific rules if you want your language to be as realistic as possible! means to replace u with o, but only at the end of the word. Privacy Policy. The old SCA required that you use single characters instead. It includes an online interface with descriptions of borrowed affixes in terms of their forms and functions, examples of combinations of borrowed affixes with native stems, search functions, maps, and over 230 bibliographical references.. Notable members of the LCS are David J. Peterson, the creator of Dothraki, and John Quijada, who created Ithkuil. The syntax is slightly different, which allows you to write some rules more compactly or clearly, but it is feature-rich enough to be a full replacement for SCA2. change to their voiced equivalents bdg It takes some practice to be able to do this well, so don't worry too much if the final product isn't exactly the same as your draft. Sometimes you want the rewrite rules to apply only to the input. Sound change also has no memory. Most of the time these slight differences are just noise and you go back to saying everything the same as before, but sometimes you make those mistakes often enough that they start to become a consistent part of your speech. the first gives the name of the .lex file, containing the lexicon; re-save the file as a real .lex file. Yasgheld is licensed under the MIT software license. Sometimes two parallel dialects run along slightly different tracks. You can examine the history of any Wikitongues is a collection of videos of spoken natural languages, both well- and not-so-well-known languages. The child language is the result; the language that you will present to other people, or put in your novel, or whatever other reason you conlang for. More generally, a sound change looks like this: Optionally you can use in place of the first slash. Stack Exchange network consists of 181 Q&A communities including Stack Overflow, the largest, most trusted online community for developers to learn, share their knowledge, and build their careers. Press the Help button for full documentation. It uses Python, which you'll need to install to be able to use it; most Linices should have it already installed. Z//V_V Many Git commands accept both tag and branch names, so creating this branch may cause unexpected behavior. rules-file: text file with the rules; words-file: text file with the words--named-sound-change | -n to apply a named sound change to words passed on the command line, and then prints the words after the change; Or you can output HTML or ZBB BBCode. (1999), which I would recommend to anyone interested in the subject. To see the intermediate results, check Show intermediate results. Of course the program knows ph/f/_. x/y/z You can then copy and paste a character into any of the input boxes. It can produce output for the Sound Change Applier or for gen, the lexical generator. intended to delete an i onset following an intervocalic consonant: S/Z/V_V A minor scale definition: am I missing something? degemination (making single consonants from double consonants). You can write transformation rules at the beginning of your sound change list E.g. The -p command line parameter The latest version is here! For instance. -l overrides -b if present) and This is a type of assimilation. This would allow you to use (say) an IPA font. The Language Construction Kit on Zompist.com, is a relatively famous conlanging tutorial created by Mark Rosenfelder. For instance, Simple metathesis is supported by the special replacement string \\. A bunch of information on reduplication phenomena, tricky search interface. If you don't like that progression, try another one. Lexurgy's design philosophy sets it apart from other sound change appliers: Embrace revision. The word to be changed will refuse to change. Look under Programs/Accessories and run Command Prompt. To improve my Latin-to-Portuguese file, for instance, I would [ejmbow], [kokoa]). Unexpected uint64 behaviour 0xFFFF'FFFF'FFFF'FFFF - 1 = 0? you might write. Now you can run sounds as described above. The proto-language is going to be a conlang just as we have been making up until this point and should not have any history to it. SCA - Sound Change Applier. Kind of a simplistic exercise, but it's a good method to start. s//_# Are words based on acronyms treated differently when the language changes over time? More generally, a sound change looks like this: This means that the stops ptc (For instance, the orthography may only apply to the parent language.) Don't feel limited to delete all /e/ after a consonant. Code Issues Pull requests A Bot for the Discord Server of the Anglish project . As an example, some varieties of Brazilian Portuguese delete final /r/ in verbs, but not in nouns or nominalized verbs. Fiat Lingua is a journal run by the LCS; all articles therein are produced by real-life conlangers and available online in .pdf format. E.g. But which one do most people use? Keyboard layout editors allow the users to create their customised keyboards, which enable them to write the full Unicode, and a large portion of the International Phonetic Alphabet, as well as a veriety of international writing systems. Derive words throughout the timeline and preserve changes in history. (See here for how to add glosses. The easiest thing to do is to A new article is published on the first of every month. to transform digraphs in the input file: About SCA Geoff's Sound Change Applier, SCA hereafter, is a program which applies rule-based transformations to strings of Unicode text. Currently I have a completed phonology, most of the grammar, and I'm beginning the lexicon. What prefixes, suffixes, infixes, sound changes, vowel patterns, or other modifications do you use? 'to cook', since the original cocer has merged with Are there any SCAs beside RSCA that can reconstruct backwards? (In English, -tion turn verbs into nouns, -ify turn nouns into verbs, other amazing examples here ) Go ahead and give some examples, by combining some roots with each other and with inflections! That can be all there is, as in, The character # represents the beginning or end of the word. Anyone who respects or admires you even if it's just your group of friends will start to subconsciously copy the way that you speak and that sound change will begin to spread. This doesnt work on IE. (Try it with the defaults: change [sm]//_# in the first sound change to [m]//_# and hit Apply. Define the phonemes that make up those categories in the box at the left. Some web browsers have a couple of problems with the shortcuts when writing online, but mouse-clicking always works. The extensions should be left off. etc. This is an old version of Lexurgy. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. In my example I used Haedus Toolbox Sound Change Applier and forum post here. It usually refers to consonants becoming voiced and moving down the type of articulation table closer to being a semivowel. insufficient vowel reduction) another 35% of the time. . when it's followed by one or two consonants and then a front vowel. conventional spellings, but I could just as easily have used You can use it to help work out a reconstruction for actual languages, to create plausible descendants of a conlang, or in fact to make any structured set of lexical changes to a database of words. One of my works-in-progress is a language called Proto-Oreadin. Russian could be. vocabulary of Methaiun Assimilation is another frequent sound change. Changes since the old SCA, and the newest features: intermediate results and file uploading/downloading. If your browser doesnt support these, Ive kept the old methods, which involved consolidating everything into the Sound Changes field. Consonants can palatalize before or after a front vowel ([i], [e]) or a palatal consonant ([j]), perhaps ending up as an affricate or fricative. where the __# means that the stop in question (__) is at the end of a word (#). In that case, make sure Rewrite on output is unchecked. E.g. N is any nasal. conlanging conlang vocabulary-builder conlang-lexicon Updated Oct 12, 2020; Kotlin; henry232323 / Anglish-Bot Star 3. I didnt use * because a) its very computery and b) people may have used it in their sound changes and I didnt want to break them. resulting in obra. The child language is going to contain all the history. So the above rule can also be written, The environment must always contain an underline _, representing the part that changes. If you need contextual rewrite rules just use SCA! It also refers to sounds that disappear altogether. At this point it hasn't received much testing or feedback, so I would appreciate any bug reports or suggestions submitted via an issue on GitHub. phono - Phonology Builder. [ Back to the Language Construction Kit ], A Mac executable, which you can download either in. Effect of a "bad grade" in grad school applications, Canadian of Polish descent travel to Poland with Canadian passport. In a sense - you can specify syllable boundaries in rules (using suprasegmental characters which carry that feature, such as stress marks, or by the feature itself), and in the reverse applier the possible antecedent words are limited by (optional) syllable structure definitions. p/b/V_V Any answers you have to these questions (or miscellaneous stuff about SCAs in general) would be greatly appreciated by me and, I think, the rest of the community! What differentiates living as mere roommates from living in a marriage-like relationship? the second gives the name of the .sc file, containing the sound changes Create a rough draft of the phonology of the child language. want to change the definition of V. Though sound changes can refer to digraphs, You do this by including the special line -* at the appropriate point in your sound changes file. It doesn't matter: the program gn/nh/_ For example, in English and Spanish, /n/ becomes [m] before bilabials and [] before velars (e.g. If at a certain point in time there are some sounds X in words, they all will change to Y even if some of them were W a few centuries ago while some have been X since the beginning of the language. coser 'to sew'. Add a description, image, and links to the conlang topic page so that developers can more easily learn about it. Try creating a rule where /e/ only deletes in the second syllable and only if the first syllable is . I don't see how this can be made less broad. is a .lex or .sc file is really a Notepad (.txt) file. (e.g. Try creating a rule where /e/ only deletes in the second syllable and only if the first syllable is high vowel + affricate. TypeIt also features 20 Latin alphabets and their extensions as well as matematical, currency and miscellaneous Unicode symbols. Sound change is nigh unstoppable. A command-line sound change applier written in Python. The study of when sound changes occur in a particular place and in what order the changes happen. Variables can only be one character long (unless you use rewrite rules). The Conlangery Podcast is a weekly podcast created by conlangers, for conlangers. Since it seems like you've got a handle on the basics and are really asking for a directional nudge, I'd suggest the following: Make a short list (maybe a dozen) of Proto-Language words and sort them by various characteristics: words that begin with a voiceless stop; words that contain a voiced stop followed by a syllabic liquid; words with an accented long vowel root. The question concerns Sound Change Appliers (SCAs). I might Browse / Download are used for saving files; Parse .sc/Back to .sc are an alternative using the clipboard. E.g. Conlang.org, LCS, is a site for conlangers, would-be conlangers, those interested in or curious about conlangs and anything else to do with conlanging. You can apply these rules in certain contexts or in very instance. This has helped me age my language to make my sound systems consistent and to turn old roots into a modern lexicon. If you have other suggestions for the page, please discuss it on the page's talk page before editing. At the bottom of the Output section you'll see a link Download output lexicon. To age a conlang, you might consider making a timeline of changes. I recently rejoined the subreddit after a long bout of silent conlanging. Click this to save your output lexicon as a text file. Some features are: - it can run sound changes backward, reconstructing earlier forms of words, as well as forwards (which as far as I know no other sound change applier does); - it is fairly general in terms of the sound changes expressible; - it can understand X-SAMPA and (largely) CXS. [] can become [i] as part of diphthongs. Gen. can help with categories. It was then up to you, using cut and paste, to save these in a file. This feature was very common in Old French and Ancient Greek, leading some the diphthongs of these languages to be monophthongized. Which are the best open-source conlang projects? Examples: Nonce categories in the environment (only) can include other categories: Nonce categories in the environment can include the word boundary #. After centuries the stones will be smooth. SIL International (formerly the Summer Institute of Linguistics) is a US-based, worldwide, Christian non-profit organization, whose main purpose is to study, develop and document languages, especially those that are lesser-known, in order to expand linguistic knowledge, promote literacy, translate the Christian Bible into local languages and aid minority language development. It suggests further reading for those who want to know more and shortcuts for those who want to know less. In Latin, /s/ became /z/ between vowels (lenition), and /z/ then proceeded to become /r/. I've looked at examples of natural languages, but I'm not sure what's going on with the notation, nor have I been able to identify any patterns that will help me create realistic sound changes for my languages. These are defined at the top of the file. a phonemic rendering. At year 800, introduce rule C that applies to all previous words, including new loan words. u/o/_# c/i/F_t So you really have a lot of room for creativity here, while still being able to be naturalistic. Stolen from this answer by sumelic on linguistics: There is searchable version of the Index Diachronica that allows to search for some sounds and explore postulated and observed changes of that sound. Variables can only be one character long. The Atlas of Pidgin and Creole Language Structures, APiCS, is similar to WALS but is just for pidgins and creoles. You may have noticed that applying sound changes to words is quite a tedious process. It is also possible just to browse through the Universals Archive. E.g. I use capital letters for this, though this is not a requirement. The infinitive "poder" (can) is usually pronounced /pode/, but as a noun, "poder" (power) is pronounced /poder/, even colloquially. If the language you're working with requires a special font, Conlang/Intermediate/History/Common sound changes, Last edited on 27 December 2021, at 19:37, https://en.wikibooks.org/w/index.php?title=Conlang/Intermediate/History/Common_sound_changes&oldid=4019626. 'Gross' is /atek/, 'very gross' is /atekul/, and 'inedible food' is /ategetul/. Year 900, people need another way to say 'very gross', so they create /atek/ + /tul/ which would be /atektul/ but /kt/ is not allowed. Is "I didn't think it was serious" usually a good defence against "duty to rescue"? At year 800, /atek/ means nasty and /tul/ means extremely but /ategetul/ means 'very gross food'. @AntonSherwood this article has one such proposal: New blog post from our CEO Prashanth: Community is the future of AI, Improving the copy in the close modal and post notices - 2023 edition. SCA was originally written as an aid for linguists and conlangers to simulate the effects of the Neo-grammarian concept of sound-change and is . The second is suitable for use in a dictionary with the etymology in brackets. A few examples are intervocalic flapping in many English dialects (/btr . I've heard good things about Haedus, Phonix, RSCA, VSCA and many more. omits the source word from the output, leaving only output words, like this: This subreddit is focused on the discussion of conlangs, tools, and activities to aid you in the construction of your own conlang, and creating a community environment where we can all enjoy conlanging together. Usage--file-based-sound-change | -f to apply a set of rules to a set of words, each defined in a separate file, creating a text file with the changed words; . Link: https://trimill.github.io/sca/. The environment can contain variables, like V above. can use alternate fields to indicate the conlang (i.e., the \lx heads are in the natlang, \ge is the English gloss, and \gn, nominally the "national language" gloss, could be used for the . rev2023.4.21.43403. Once you have that, you can start trying to change the phonology of the proto-language into this child draft by selecting sound changes and adding them to a list. Another possible inconsistency for sound changes is that more frequent words are more subject to changes. if you add -* just after the rule gn/nh/_ in the default sound changes, you get output that looks like this: Browse lets you read in a file, and distribute it properly to the input fields. I wanted to share something that I found useful in school and in hobby: a guide to sound changes over time. Alex Hit Generate to create a random wordlist. Re: Reversible sound change applier . the users of the language are likely to invent a new word to replace one of the homonyms. and the sound changes for Kebreni (right-click!). Please note: right-click on the links to The middle (y) part can be blank, as in Glottolog is a bibliographic database of the world's lesser-known languages, maintained at the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig. For me, there is a peculiar, intense pleasure in creating a daughter language with a particular feel to it, merely by altering the set of Similarly, I wrote the rules to output Although it seems like sound change happens regardless of grammar, this is not necessarily true. deletes an e between a consonant and an intervocalic r, Let them go through changes over time and keep a record of the steps (and the years these intermediary words were used). If a nasal consonant disappears, the mark it left on the vowel may remain, causing nasal vowels to become phonemic. You can define any variables needed to state your sound changes. For instance, you may wonder whether the .lex file should be This can be very useful to see what the effect of a changed rule is. By what means might the roots "let" and "ly" mean the same thing in a naturalistic conlang? What are the most common sound changes in natlangs? Vowels next to nasal consonants very often become nasal themselves. It's a pretty powerful tool for something like I've been working on, creating a proto-conlang with multiple daughter languages. to the second category by analogy. Remnants of Germanic umlaut can be seen in English, e.g. It also host an interactive glossary on linguistic features and terms. Please correct any misinformation I have written, as I'm always willing to learn more. So, with the word opera and the rules Svelte; Improve this page Add a description, image, and links to the sound-change-applier topic page so that developers can more easily learn about it. Output format tells how you want each line of the output to look like. Conlang-L or Reddit or CBB would be forums better suited, but I do have some ideas that might serve to get you started. as input for the next round of changes). Why don't we use the 7805 for car phone chargers? In this usage, the variables must correspond one for one-- So if you have a rule, Epenthesis is supported by leaving the target part of the rule blank. if a case distinction is maintained in some words and lost in others, it may spread E.g., if a language had a sound change >that merged, say, /dZ/ and /Z/, how would it decide which one to >reconstruct? Most people think English spelling is hopeless; but in fact the rules predict 48. r/conlangs. One or more elements in the environment can be marked as optional with parentheses. Hello, r/conlangs! Using it, you can compare and contrast phonotactic patterns in different languages, group languages by features, investigate the frequencies of different settings for different features, and view the areal distribution of such patterns through the use of the interactive map.. The problem is that I have no idea how to even begin choosing rules for sound changes, nor how to describe them. How did Tolkien model diachronic changes in his Elvish languages? applies its changes to whatever you give it. As the name suggests, it is a proto-language, which eventually I am hoping to expand into a family of languages. phonix, a feature-based sound-change applier. The words will merge, beginning to mean the same grammatically synonyms. The syntax is slightly different, which allows you to write some rules more compactly or clearly, but it is feature-rich enough to be a full replacement for SCA2. Chronlang is a simple computer language that allows you to define sound changes in a syntax based on linguistic literature and familiar to users of other popular sound change appliers. It would be better to output a phonetic representation. We will evolve the child language by applying sound changes to the parent. Here's how to read it: e > 0 / VC_# if consonants is dental (l, r, n, s, th) or y (Latin to Spanish), this means the sound /e/ becomes zero (or deletes) when it takes the place of the underscore in this phrase: VC_#(end of word) and if these conditions are met: only if the consonant is dental (l, r, n, s, th) or y (Latin to Spanish), so if you have a word that end in V,(l, r, n, s, th [and sometimes y]),e then the e will delete.